SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Computer engineering</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer engineering</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hardware engineering" redirects here. For engineering other types of hardware, see <a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a>.</div>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Computer engineering</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Computer engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Telecommunications, technology industry, engineering industry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Specialty</th><td class="infobox-data">Hardware engineering, software engineering, software programming, robotics, networking</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Technical knowledge, hardware design, software design</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br>employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Science, technology, engineering, industry, computer, exploration</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Computer engineering</b> (<b>CE</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>CoE</b>, <b>CpE</b>, or <b>CompE</b>) is a branch of <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> specialized in developing <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a> and <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

It integrates several fields of <a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, <a href="Electronics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics engineering">electronics engineering</a> and <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>. Computer engineering may be referred to as E<i>lectrical and Computer Engineering</i> or <i><a href="Computer_Science_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science and Engineering">Computer Science and Engineering</a></i> at some universities.

</p><p>Computer engineers require training in hardware-software integration, <a href="Software_design" title="Software design">software design</a>, and <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>. It can encompass areas such as <a href="Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>, <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence (AI)</a>, <a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>, <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a> and <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, from the design of individual <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>, <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, and <a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a>, to <a href="Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">circuit design</a>. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, but also on how to integrate them into the larger picture.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> are one of the applications of computer engineering.

</p><p>Computer engineering usually deals with areas including <a href="Software_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Software programming">writing software</a> and <a href="Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> for <a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, designing <a href="Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">VLSI</a> <a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">chips</a>, <a href="Analog_device" title="Analog device">analog</a> <a href="Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a>, <a href="Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">mixed signal</a> <a href="Circuit_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit board">circuit boards</a>, <a href="Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> and <a href="Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">control systems</a>. Computer engineers are also suited for <a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> research, which relies heavily on using <a href="Digital_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital systems">digital systems</a> to control and monitor <a href="Electrical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical systems">electrical systems</a> like <a href="Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motors</a>, <a href="Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">communications</a>, and <a href="Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a>.

</p><p>In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior years because the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond the scope of an <a href="Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">undergraduate degree</a>. Other institutions may require <a href="Engineering_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering student">engineering students</a> to complete one or two years of <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">general engineering</a> before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Computer engineering began in 1939 when <a href="John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">John Vincent Atanasoff</a> and <a href="Clifford_Berry" title="Clifford Berry">Clifford Berry</a> began developing the world's first electronic <a href="Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computer</a> through <a href="Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>. John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for <a href="Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> and Clifford Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics. Together, they created the <a href="Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer" title="Atanasoff–Berry computer">Atanasoff–Berry computer</a>, also known as the ABC which took five years to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

While the original ABC was dismantled and discarded in the 1940s, a tribute was made to the late inventors; a replica of the ABC was made in 1997, where it took a team of researchers and engineers four years and $350,000 to build.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The modern <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> emerged in the 1970s, after several breakthroughs in <a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> technology. These include the first working <a href="Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> by <a href="William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>, <a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> and <a href="Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain">Walter Brattain</a> at <a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1955, silicon dioxide surface passivation by <a href="Carl_Frosch" title="Carl Frosch">Carl Frosch</a> and Lincoln Derick,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first planar silicon dioxide transistors by Frosch and Derick in 1957,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Planar_process" title="Planar process">planar process</a> by <a href="Jean_Hoerni" title="Jean Hoerni">Jean Hoerni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bassett46_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett46-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="Monolithic_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolithic integrated circuit">monolithic integrated circuit</a> chip by <a href="Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> at <a href="Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a> in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-Saxena140_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saxena140-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET, or MOS transistor) demonstrated by a team at Bell Labs in 1960<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the single-chip <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> (<a href="Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a>) by <a href="Federico_Faggin" title="Federico Faggin">Federico Faggin</a>, <a href="Marcian_Hoff" title="Marcian Hoff">Marcian Hoff</a>, <a href="Masatoshi_Shima" title="Masatoshi Shima">Masatoshi Shima</a> and <a href="Stanley_Mazor" title="Stanley Mazor">Stanley Mazor</a> at <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory1971_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory1971-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_computer_engineering_education">History of computer engineering education</h3></div>

<p>The first computer engineering degree program in the United States was established in 1971 at <a href="Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a> in <a href="Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, there were 250 <a href="ABET" title="ABET">ABET</a>-accredited computer engineering programs in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by a variety of agencies as part of the <a href="EQANIE" title="EQANIE">EQANIE</a> network. Due to increasing job requirements for engineers who can concurrently design hardware, <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a>, firmware, and manage all forms of computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around the world offer a <a href="Bachelor's_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> generally called computer engineering. Both computer engineering and <a href="Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic engineering</a> programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curriculum. As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and science is necessary for computer engineers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

<p>Computer engineering is referred to as <a href="Computer_science_and_engineering" title="Computer science and engineering">computer science and engineering</a> at some universities. Most entry-level computer engineering jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in computer engineering, electrical engineering or computer science. Typically one must learn an array of <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> such as <a href="Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, <a href="Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a> and <a href="Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a>, along with <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Degrees in <a href="Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic</a> or <a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electric engineering</a> also suffice due to the similarity of the two fields. Because hardware engineers commonly work with computer software systems, a strong background in computer programming is necessary. According to BLS, "<i>a computer engineering major is similar to electrical engineering but with some computer science courses added to the curriculum</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-CHE_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHE-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some large firms or specialized jobs require a master's degree.

</p><p>It is also important for computer engineers to keep up with rapid advances in <a href="Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. Therefore, many continue learning throughout their careers. This can be helpful, especially when it comes to learning new skills or improving existing ones. For example, as the relative cost of fixing a <a href="Bug_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug (programming)">bug</a> increases the further along it is in the software development cycle, there can be greater cost savings attributed to developing and testing for quality code as soon as possible in the process, particularly before release.<sup id="cite_ref-The_cost_of_fixing_a_bug_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_cost_of_fixing_a_bug-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professions">Professions</h3></div>

<p>A person with a profession in computer engineering is called a computer engineer.

</p>

<th>Title

</th>

<th>Prefix

</th>

<th>Suffix

</th>

<th>Requirements

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Computer engineer

</td>

<td>Engr.

</td>

<td>CpE

</td>

<td>Passed a degree in computer engineering

<p><small>Institution: Educational Institution (such as colleges, universities)</small>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Certified computer engineer

</td>

<td>Engr.

</td>

<td>CCpE

</td>

<td>Passed a certification exam in computer engineering

<p><small>Institution: Private institution (such as computer engineering organizations and private companies)</small>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Registered computer engineer

</td>

<td>Engr.

</td>

<td>RCpE

</td>

<td>Passed a licensure exam in computer engineering

<p><small>Institution: Public Institution (such as Country's Regulatory Board)</small>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Professional computer engineer

</td>

<td>Engr.

</td>

<td>PCpE

</td>

<td>Passed a professional exam in computer engineering, or work experience

<p><small>Institution: Public or Private Institution</small>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4"><small><i>*may vary on region and country.</i></small>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_practice">Applications and practice</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>There are two major focuses in computer engineering: hardware and software.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_hardware_engineering">Computer hardware engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Hardware_architect" title="Hardware architect">Hardware architect</a></div>

<p>According to the United States <a href="Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">BLS</a>, job outlook employment for computer hardware engineers, the expected ten-year growth from 2019 to 2029 for computer hardware engineering was an estimated 2% and a total of 71,100 jobs. ("<i>Slower than average</i>" in their own words when compared to other occupations)".<sup id="cite_ref-hweng_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hweng-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a decrease from the 2014 to 2024 BLS computer hardware engineering estimate of 3% and a total of 77,700 jobs; "<i>and is down from 7% for the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate and is further down from 9% in the BLS 2010 to 2020 estimate.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-hweng_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hweng-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, computer hardware is somewhat equal to electronic and computer engineering (ECE) and has been divided into many subcategories, the most significant being <a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded system design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CHE_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHE-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_software_engineering">Computer software engineering</h3></div>

<p>According to the U.S. <a href="Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> (BLS), "<i>computer applications software engineers and computer systems software engineers are projected to be among the faster than average growing occupations</i>" The expected ten-year growth as of 2014 for computer software engineering was an estimated seventeen percent and there was a total of 1,114,000 jobs that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-softdev_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softdev-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is down from the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate of 22% for software developers.<sup id="cite_ref-C.S.E._27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C.S.E.-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-softdev_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softdev-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, further down from the 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-CSE2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSE2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, growing concerns over cybersecurity add up to put computer software engineering high above the average rate of increase for all fields. However, some of the work will be outsourced in foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this, job growth will not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead go to computer software engineers in countries such as India.<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the BLS job outlook for Computer Programmers, 2014–24 has an −8% (a decline, in their words),<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then a job outlook, 2019-29 of -9% (Decline),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then a 10% decline for 2021-2031<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now an 11% decline for 2022-2032<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for those who program computers (i.e. embedded systems) who are not computer application developers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, women in software fields has been declining over the years even faster than other engineering fields.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialty_areas">Specialty areas</h2></div>

<p>There are many specialty areas in the field of computer engineering.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processor_design">Processor design</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></div>

<p><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a> design process involves choosing an <a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set</a> and a certain execution paradigm (e.g. <a href="VLIW" class="mw-redirect" title="VLIW">VLIW</a> or <a href="RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a>) and results in a <a href="Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">microarchitecture</a>, which might be described in e.g. <a href="VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> or <a href="Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a>. <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> design is divided into design of the following components: <a href="Datapath" title="Datapath">datapaths</a> (such as <a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">ALUs</a> and <a href="Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipelines</a>), control unit: logic which controls the datapaths, <a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> components such as <a href="Register_file" title="Register file">register files</a>, <a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caches</a>, clock circuitry such as clock drivers, PLLs, clock distribution networks, pad transceiver circuitry, logic gate cell library which is used to implement the logic.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coding,_cryptography,_and_information_protection">Coding, cryptography, and information protection</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></div>

<p>Computer engineers work in coding, applied cryptography, and information protection to develop new methods for protecting various information, such as <a href="Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a> and <a href="Digital_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Music">music</a>, fragmentation, <a href="Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> and other forms of tampering by, for example, <a href="Digital_watermarking" title="Digital watermarking">digital watermarking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications_and_wireless_networks">Communications and wireless networks</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Communications_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications networks">Communications networks</a> and <a href="Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></div>

<p>Those focusing on communications and wireless networks, work advancements in telecommunications systems and networks (especially wireless networks), modulation and error-control coding, and information theory. High-speed <a href="Network_planning_and_design" title="Network planning and design">network design</a>, interference suppression and modulation, design, and analysis of <a href="Fault-tolerant_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant system">fault-tolerant system</a>, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilers_and_operating_systems">Compilers and operating systems</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a> and <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></div>

<p>This specialty focuses on <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> and <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> design and development. Engineers in this field develop new operating system architecture, program analysis techniques, and new techniques to assure quality. Examples of work in this field include post-link-time code transformation <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> development and new operating system development.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computational_science_and_engineering">Computational science and engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Computational_science" title="Computational science">Computational science</a> and <a href="Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></div>

<p>Computational science and engineering is a relatively new discipline. According to the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center, individuals working in this area, "<i>computational methods are applied to formulate and solve complex mathematical problems in engineering and the physical and the social sciences. Examples include aircraft design, the plasma processing of nanometer features on semiconductor wafers, <a href="VLSI" class="mw-redirect" title="VLSI">VLSI</a> circuit design, radar detection systems, ion transport through biological channels, and much more</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_networks,_mobile_computing,_and_distributed_systems">Computer networks, mobile computing, and distributed systems</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a>, <a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a>, and <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></div>

<p>In this specialty, engineers build integrated environments for computing, communications, and <a href="Information_access" title="Information access">information access</a>. Examples include shared-channel wireless networks, <a href="Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive resource management</a> in various systems, and improving the quality of service in <a href="Mobile_technology" title="Mobile technology">mobile</a> and ATM environments. Some other examples include work on <a href="Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless network systems</a> and fast <a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> cluster wired systems.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_systems:_architecture,_parallel_processing,_and_dependability">Computer systems: architecture, parallel processing, and dependability</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a>, <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a>, and <a href="Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></div>

<p>Engineers working in computer systems work on research projects that allow for reliable, secure, and high-performance computer systems. Projects such as designing processors for <a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">multithreading</a> and <a href="Parallel_processing_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel processing (computing)">parallel processing</a> are included in this field. Other examples of work in this field include the development of new theories, <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a>, and other tools that add <a href="Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a> to computer systems.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Computer architecture includes <a href="CPU_design" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU design">CPU design</a>, <a href="Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">cache hierarchy</a> layout, <a href="Memory_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory organization">memory organization</a>, and <a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_vision_and_robotics">Computer vision and robotics</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a> and <a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div>

<p>In this specialty, computer engineers focus on developing <a href="Visual_sensor_network" title="Visual sensor network">visual sensing technology</a> to sense an environment, representation of an environment, and manipulation of the environment. The gathered three-dimensional information is then implemented to perform a variety of tasks. These include improved human modeling, image communication, and human-computer interfaces, as well as devices such as special-purpose cameras with versatile vision sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedded_systems">Embedded systems</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded systems</a></div>

<p>Individuals working in this area design technology for enhancing the speed, reliability, and performance of systems. Embedded systems are found in many devices from a small <a href="FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> to the space shuttle. According to the Sloan Cornerstone Career Center, ongoing developments in embedded systems include "<i>automated vehicles and equipment to conduct search and rescue, automated transportation systems, and human-robot coordination to repair equipment in space.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, computer embedded systems specializations include <a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system-on-chip</a> design, the architecture of <a href="Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">edge computing</a> and the <a href="Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_circuits,_VLSI_design,_testing_and_CAD">Integrated circuits, VLSI design, testing and CAD</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> and <a href="Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">Very-large-scale integration</a></div>

<p>This specialty of computer engineering requires adequate knowledge of electronics and electrical systems. Engineers working in this area work on enhancing the speed, reliability, and energy efficiency of next-generation very-large-scale integrated (<a href="VLSI" class="mw-redirect" title="VLSI">VLSI</a>) circuits and microsystems. An example of this specialty is work done on reducing the power consumption of VLSI algorithms and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal,_image_and_speech_processing">Signal, image and speech processing</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a>, <a href="Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a>, and <a href="Speech_processing" title="Speech processing">Speech processing</a></div>

<p>Computer engineers in this area develop improvements in human–computer interaction, including <a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> and synthesis, medical and scientific imaging, or communications systems. Other work in this area includes computer vision development such as <a href="Face_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Face recognition">recognition of human facial features</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_35-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_computing">Quantum computing</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></div>

<p>This area integrates the <a href="Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum</a> behaviour of small particles such as <a href="Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">superposition</a>, <a href="Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">interference</a> and <a href="Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entanglement</a>, with classical computers to solve complex problems and formulate algorithms much more efficiently. Individuals focus on fields like <a href="Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">Quantum cryptography</a>, <a href="Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">physical simulations</a> and <a href="Quantum_algorithm" title="Quantum algorithm">quantum algorithms</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_fields">Related fields</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">

<ul><li><a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronics_and_Computer_Engineering" title="Electronics and Computer Engineering">Electronics and Computer Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science_and_engineering" title="Computer science and engineering">Computer science and engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associations">Associations</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before the era of computers, C.E. could also mean "<a href="Chartered_(professional)" title="Chartered (professional)">Chartered</a> Engineer"; "inst. CE" would have meant "<a href="Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>".</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFIEEE_Computer_SocietyACM2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>; <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> (December 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/education/ce2016-final-report.pdf"><i>Computer Engineering Curricula 2016: CE2016: Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computer Engineering</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3025098">10.1145/3025098</a> (inactive July 1, 2025).</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIEEE_Computer_SocietyACM2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>; <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> (December 12, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612130313/https://www.acm.org/education/education/curric_vols/CE-Final-Report.pdf"><i>Computer Engineering 2004: Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computer Engineering</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. iii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/education/curricula-recommendations/ce-final-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Computer System engineering has traditionally been viewed as a combination of both electronic engineering (EE) and computer science (CS).</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTrinity_College_Dublin" class="citation web cs1">Trinity College Dublin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/Engineering/about/what_is_eng/computer_eng_intro.html">"What is Computer System Engineering"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite> "Computer engineers need not only to understand how computer systems themselves work but also how they integrate into the larger picture. Consider the car. A modern car contains many separate computer systems for controlling such things as the engine timing, the brakes, and the airbags. To be able to design and implement such a car, the computer engineer needs a broad theoretical understanding of all these various subsystems & how they interact.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.registrar.clemson.edu/html/changeMjr_Curr.htm">"Changing Majors @ Clemson"</a>. Clemson University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012182736/http://freshmanengineering.uark.edu/2041.php">"Declaring a College of Engineering Major"</a>. University of Arkansas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freshmanengineering.uark.edu/2041.php">the original</a> on October 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmu.edu/me/undergraduate/degree-requirements.html">"Degree Requirements"</a>. Carnegie Mellon University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uca.edu.ar/index.php/site/index/es/uca/facultad-de-ciencias-fisicomatematicas-e-ingenieria/alumnos/programas-de-materias/cc1y2/">"Programas de Materias"</a> (in Spanish). Universidad Católica Argentina.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~td2177/JVAtanasoff/JVAtanasoff.html">"John Vincent Atanasoff - the father of the computer"</a>. <i>www.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2009/dec/abc">"Iowa State replica of first electronic digital computer going to Computer History Museum - News Service - Iowa State University"</a>. <i>www.news.iastate.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/invention-of-the-point-contact-transistor/">"1947: Invention of the Point-Contact Transistor"</a>. <i>The Silicon Engine</i>. <a href="Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFLincolnFrosch1957"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A">US2802760A</a>, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued August 13, 1957</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=US2802760A&rft.cc=&rft.title=Oxidation+of+semiconductive+surfaces+for+controlled+diffusion&rft.inventor=Lincoln&rft.date=1957-08-13"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroschDerick1957" class="citation journal cs1">Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650">"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon"</a></span>. <i>Journal of the Electrochemical Society</i>. <b>104</b> (9): 547. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1149%2F1.2428650">10.1149/1.2428650</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLojek2007" class="citation book cs1">Lojek, Bo (2007). <i>History of Semiconductor Engineering</i>. <a href="Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. pp. 120 & 321–323. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783540342588</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bassett46-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bassett46_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBassett2007" class="citation book cs1">Bassett, Ross Knox (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA46"><i>To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology</i></a>. <a href="Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 46. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780801886393</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3025589">US 3025589</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3025589&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Saxena140-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saxena140_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSaxena2009" class="citation book cs1">Saxena, Arjun N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3lpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140"><i>Invention of Integrated Circuits: Untold Important Facts</i></a>. <a href="World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. p. 140. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789812814456</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLojek2007" class="citation book cs1">Lojek, Bo (2007). <i>History of Semiconductor Engineering</i>. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-34258-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-computerhistory1971-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory1971_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/">"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip"</a>. <i><a href="Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.case.edu/about/history">"History"</a>. <i>engineering.case.edu</i>. Case School of Engineering. January 5, 2017.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://main.abet.org/aps/accreditedprogramsearch.aspx">"Find an ABET-Accredited Program | ABET"</a>. <i>main.abet.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.utdallas.edu/academics/undergraduate-majors/undergrad-advising/current-students/">"Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science"</a>. <i>The University of Texas at Dallas</i>. January 8, 2024.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CHE-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHE_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHE_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/computer-hardware-engineers.htm">"Computer Hardware Engineers"</a>. Bureau of Labor Statistics. January 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-The_cost_of_fixing_a_bug-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_cost_of_fixing_a_bug_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feabhas.com/sites/default/files/uploads/News/Feabhas_Infographic_FINAL.pdf">"Feabhas_Infographic_FINAL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>feabhas</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hweng-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hweng_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hweng_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/computer-hardware-engineers.htm">"Computer Hardware Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook"</a>. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-softdev-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-softdev_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-softdev_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm">"Software Developers: Occupational Outlook Handbook"</a>. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-C.S.E.-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C.S.E._27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726002354/http://www.bls.gov/k12/computers04.htm">"Computer Software Engineer"</a>. Bureau of Labor Statistics. March 19, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/k12/computers04.htm">the original</a> on July 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CSE2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSE2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm">"Software Developers"</a>. Bureau of Labor Statistics. January 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-08-04/big-tech-wants-you-to-believe-america-has-a-skills-gap">"Tech Companies Want You to Believe America Has a Skills Gap"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. August 4, 2020.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bls.gov-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bls.gov_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bls.gov_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm">"Computer Programmers: Occupational Outlook Handbook"</a>. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm">"Computer Programmers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"</a>. <i>www.bls.gov</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/archive/publication.htm#regional-reports">"Archive By Publication : Beyond the Numbers: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"</a>. <i>www.bls.gov</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.designnews.com/design-hardware-software/soon-be-extinct-embedded-software-engineer">"The Soon-to-Be-Extinct Embedded Software Engineer"</a>. <i>designnews.com</i>. May 10, 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developers.hp.com/public/blog/hp-international-womens-week-women-computer-science-dropping-1980s">"hp's Developer Portal | HP International Women's Week: Women in Computer Science dropping since 1980s"</a>. <i>developers.hp.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SCCC-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCCC_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCCC_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCCC_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCCC_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCCC_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCCC_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCCC_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCCC_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCCC_35-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCCC_35-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916035940/http://www.careercornerstone.org/pdf/compeng/compeng.pdf">"Computer Engineering Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sloan Career Cornerstone Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.careercornerstone.org/pdf/compeng/compeng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Engineering683" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Engineering683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_engineering" title="Outline of engineering">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties<br>and<br><a href="Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/urban</a></li>

<li><a href="Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li>

<li><a href="River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustic</a></li>

<li><a href="Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomechanical_engineering" title="Biomechanical engineering">Biomechanical</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio-frequency</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical/bioprocess</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_engineering_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Systems engineering (disambiguation)">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network_engineering" title="Computer network engineering">Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Master's_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Engineering

<li><a href="Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">Clinical</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical</a></li>

<li><a href="Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services</a>

<li><a href="Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives</a></li>

<li><a href="Facilities_engineering" title="Facilities engineering">Facilities</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate engineering">Climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">Instrumentation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">Instrumentation and control</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">Logistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey engineering">Survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Engineering">Commons</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> Wikiproject</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AEngineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Levels_of_academic_degree111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Levels_of_academic_degree111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Levels of <a href="Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">Undergraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a> / <a href="Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a> / <a href="Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">Certificate of Higher Education</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bachelor's_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">Honours degree</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Master's_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">Postgraduate diploma</a>/<a href="Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">Candidate of Sciences</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Postdoctoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">Higher doctorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">Doctor of Sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Docent#Northern_Europe" title="Docent">Docent</a></li>

<li><a href="Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Tenure</a></li>

<li><a href="Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No dominant<br>classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate">Academic certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Artist_diploma" title="Artist diploma">Artist diploma</a></li>

<li><a href="External_degree" title="External degree">External degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Laurea" title="Laurea">Laurea</a></li>

<li><a href="Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licentiate</a></li>

<li><a href="Magister_degree" title="Magister degree">Magister degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Microdegree" title="Microdegree">Microdegree</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_diploma" title="Graduate diploma">Graduate diploma</a>/<a href="Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher_diploma" title="Higher diploma">Higher diploma</a></li>

<li><a href="Specialist_degree" title="Specialist degree">Specialist degree</a>/<a href="Education_in_Russia#Traditional_model" title="Education in Russia">diploma</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">Terminal degree</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unearned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Ad_eundem_degree" title="Ad eundem degree"><i>Ad eundem</i> degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_of_Arts_(Oxford%2C_Cambridge_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)">Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4196734-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85029495">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ordinateurs -- Conception et construction"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12121735v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ordinateurs -- Conception et construction"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12121735v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2002030990">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007545777105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/4118e18b-6d74-45d9-a93a-b1c949aff3ff">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Computer_engineering&oldid=1303989015">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>